The health risks hidden in reusable period products: what new research shows

Key Takeaways:

• PFAS Safety Concerns: Recent research raises concerns about PFAS ("forever chemicals") in reusable period products, especially leakproof underwear, linking exposure to potential health issues.

• Proper Cleaning Matters: Proper cleaning and drying of menstrual cups and discs are vital to prevent microbial build-up and reduce infection risks. 

• Material Transparency Matters: Manufacturing processes can introduce hidden toxins in reusable period products, emphasizing the need for transparency and high-quality materials.

Reusable period products have changed the game for women worldwide. The promise of less waste, lower costs, and a more comfortable period has inspired millions to swap out single-use pads and tampons for sustainable alternatives like menstrual cups, period discs, and leakproof underwear. But as the shift gains momentum and more people turn to these planet-friendly options, a new wave of research is raising important questions about the safety of some products on the market.

From concerns about harmful chemicals to misconceptions about hygiene and cleaning, today’s reusable period landscape can feel like a maze. How do you know the products you’re trusting with your health are actually safe—and what should you be looking out for? At Saalt, we believe you deserve answers.

In this article, we’re diving deep into the latest findings and expert guidance so you can make informed decisions—whether you’re supporting your teen, navigating postpartum changes, managing bladder leaks, or embracing an active lifestyle at any age. Packed with actionable tips and inside knowledge from Saalt’s years of commitment to health, sustainability, and period equity, this is your go-to guide to keeping your period safe, comfortable, and worry-free.

What the Latest Studies Reveal About PFAS and Period Underwear

In recent years, PFAS—also known as “forever chemicals”—have emerged as a major concern when it comes to reusable period products, especially leakproof underwear. PFAS are a group of man-made chemicals prized for their resistance to water, oil, and stains, which is why they’re sometimes used in textiles, including period underwear. But that convenience comes with a hidden price: mounting research is linking PFAS exposure to a range of health issues, from hormonal disruptions to increased risk of certain cancers. (Science Direct)

A flurry of new studies has put PFAS in the spotlight. Researchers have tested dozens of popular reusable period underwear brands and discovered that some contain measurable levels of PFAS, particularly in the layers that are designed to stop leaks. One study, published in 2023 in the journal “Environmental Science & Technology,” found that certain samples contained concentrations of PFAS high enough to raise concerns about skin absorption over time. The question isn’t just what’s in the fabric—it’s how much can be absorbed while in close, prolonged contact with sensitive skin.

Scientists caution that not all period underwear contains PFAS, and the levels found vary significantly, but the lack of standardized regulations in the textile industry means it’s up to brands to set their own rules. This patchwork approach leaves consumers in the dark about whether the underwear they rely on is truly safe. The takeaway here: it pays to dig deeper into a brand’s materials and manufacturing processes before making a purchase. Look for transparency, independent testing, and clear statements about what is (and isn’t) in the products you choose to wear every day. (Medical News Today)

Understanding Microbial Build-Up in Menstrual Cups and Discs

Let’s talk about something most of us don’t like to think about: what’s actually growing on our reusable period products. Menstrual cups and discs are made to be used again and again, but that convenience comes with the need for a little know-how. Recent research highlights a real concern—microbial build-up. This means, over time, bacteria and other microbes can settle into tiny crevices on the surface of cups and discs, especially if cleaning routines aren’t thorough.

Here’s why it matters. Our vaginas are home to a delicate balance of bacteria, many of which keep us healthy. Introduce outside microbes, or let things build up, and you run the risk of irritation, infections, or even rarer complications like toxic shock syndrome (TSS). Studies are still evolving, but evidence suggests cleaning techniques really matter. Rinsing with just water between periods might sound like enough, but it doesn’t always remove the biofilm that bacteria cling to.

Storing your cup or menstrual disc correctly is also important. Trapping moisture (for example, tucking a damp cup into a closed container) can encourage bacteria and mold to thrive. Make sure products are totally dry before storing, and sanitize regularly—boiling in water as directed by the manufacturer is usually advised. Other sanitizing methods include a menstrual cup steamer or menstrual cup sanitizer. 

Ultimately, reusable products are a sustainable choice, but maintaining that safety means staying proactive. Anyone using menstrual cups or discs should build solid cleaning habits, understand the signs of infection, and never ignore discomfort or persistent changes. Your peace of mind—and your health—are worth the extra step.

How Manufacturing Processes Can Add Hidden Toxins

Let’s talk about something that often flies under the radar: the way reusable period products are made can have a critical impact on your health. While the move toward sustainable period solutions is a huge leap forward, it’s important to recognize that not all products are created equal. The materials, dyes, and finishing processes used during production can introduce hidden toxins—think PFAS (sometimes called “forever chemicals”), certain dyes, or harmful adhesives—that you may not spot on a product label.

PFAS, for example, are chemicals valued in manufacturing for their water- and stain-resistant properties. But studies have started raising alarms, linking exposure to potential issues like hormone disruption and other long-term health effects. Sometimes, these chemicals are added intentionally during fabric finishing, while in other cases, they’re left over as simple byproducts of the process. (Harvard)

Additionally, some manufacturers use conventionally dyed fabrics or synthetic coatings that can include residues of heavy metals or irritants. Even the adhesives used to bind together different materials in pads or underwear, or the softeners used to make things feel comfortable against the skin, can bring along their own chemical baggage. And because period products are considered “personal care” rather than “medical” items in many regions, regulations may not always require full disclosure or rigorous testing for these hidden risks.

The takeaway? Not all reusable period products are equally healthy just because they’re sustainable. Knowing a bit about how manufacturing choices can leave behind unwanted chemicals empowers you to be a more informed consumer and opt for safer products.

The Role of Proper Cleaning in Reducing Infection Risk

When it comes to reusable period products, cleanliness is more than just a suggestion—it's an essential part of keeping your body healthy. Recent research has highlighted that infections linked to reusable options like menstrual cups and period underwear typically trace back to improper cleaning and drying. Microbes such as bacteria and fungi thrive in damp, unwashed environments, so diligence in maintenance goes a long way in keeping risks low.

For menstrual cups and discs, that means rinsing immediately after use, then washing thoroughly with warm water and a mild, unscented soap—ideally one formulated for intimate items. After washing, letting your cup air-dry completely before storing it in its breathable bag is key. Don’t skip sanitizing your menstrual cup once per cycle to fully clean it; this step kills lingering microbes that simple washing may miss.

Leakproof period underwear requires its own special attention. Changing into a fresh pair every 8-12 hours, rinsing the used pair in cold water, then laundering them on a gentle cycle helps prevent bacterial buildup. Skip the fabric softeners and bleach, as these can break down the fibers and reduce absorbency. Dry your underwear thoroughly—ideally by air drying—to avoid trapping moisture, which can quickly become a breeding ground for germs. Following the steps in this blog on how to wash period underwear will help keep your panties fresh and absorbent for years to come. 

The bottom line: following best cleaning practices can turn reusable period products into a safe, convenient part of your self-care routine, minimizing infection risks while maximizing the benefits of sustainability. 

Allergies and Sensitivities: When Reusable Products Irritate Skin

Not all reusable period products are created equal—and for some users, small ingredients or design differences can turn a green choice into a struggle with irritation. Whether it’s a period cup, disc, or reusable period pants, the materials in close contact with your skin matter. Some people may discover redness, itching, or rashes after switching to reusable products, even if they’ve never had a problem with pads or tampons before.

The culprits can range from latex, silicone, or rubber in cups and discs, to certain dyes, fragrances, or chemicals used in textile finishing processes for leakproof panties. For sensitive skin types or those with a history of eczema or allergies, even minimal exposure to an irritant can trigger a reaction. In other cases, it’s not about allergies at all—sometimes reusable products simply trap moisture against the skin, throwing pH levels out of balance and opening the door for yeast or bacterial overgrowth.

How do you know if your discomfort is product-related? First, watch for distinct patterns: symptoms that always crop up after use and fade when you take a break from the product. If rashes, burning, or swelling develop quickly or worsen with repeated wear, it’s time to dig into the ingredients and care instructions of your preferred products. You might need to switch fabrics, look for products labeled “hypoallergenic,” or avoid products with added fragrances or harsh detergents. And remember: sometimes it isn’t just the reusable product itself, but the detergent or soap you use to wash it that causes irritation.

If irritation continues, remember to consult a dermatologist or gynecologist who can help narrow down potential triggers. Skin health matters just as much as sustainability—finding a product that fits both your values and your body’s needs can make all the difference.

Wrapping Up: Prioritizing Health and Confidence with Reusable Period Products

Navigating the ever-evolving world of reusable period products can be empowering, yet it’s important to stay informed about their potential health risks. Recent research highlights the need for transparency, high-quality materials, and strict manufacturing standards—so you don’t have to sacrifice confidence for sustainability. For women at every stage of life, from postpartum to beyond menopause, choosing the right leakproof solution means more than just convenience; it means peace of mind.

At Saalt, we believe your health comes first. Our period panties are crafted without PFAs, ensuring you have reliable, safe protection—whether you’re managing periods, postpartum changes, or bladder leaks. With a variety of styles and absorbencies, Saalt supports a healthier, more comfortable experience through all of life’s transitions.

Remember: always follow care instructions to maximize hygiene, and choose brands that champion both your well-being and the planet’s. Saalt’s commitment to sustainability and period equity means that with every purchase, you’re investing in yourself—and helping create a better world for women everywhere. You deserve confidence, comfort, and peace of mind, every single day.

Read Also:

• Are Saalt Menstrual Cups Safe?

• California's New Law Bans Toxic Chemicals in Pads and Tampons

• The Difference Between Tampons and Period Cups

Frequently Asked Questions About Reusable Period Products

What are reusable period products?

Reusable period products are sustainable, eco-friendly alternatives to traditional disposable pads and tampons. They’re designed to handle menstrual flow, bladder leaks, or discharge, but can be washed and used again for years—making them a planet-friendly and wallet-saving choice.

What types of reusable period products are available?

There’s a range of reusable period products to suit all bodies and flows. The most common options include menstrual cups, menstrual discs, reusable pads, and leakproof underwear like those from Saalt. Each offers different levels of absorbency, styles, and comfort to meet your personal needs, from your first period through postpartum and beyond.

Are menstrual cups linked to health risks?

The vast majority of users find menstrual cups safe when used as directed. While rare, improper use or hygiene lapses (like leaving a cup in for too long or not cleaning it properly) can raise the risk of infections. Recent research suggests it’s important to follow best practices—always wash your hands before insertion and removal, sanitize your cup between cycles, and replace it as recommended by the manufacturer.

How do reusable period products differ from disposables?

Reusable products, like Saalt’s period underwear or menstrual cups, don’t rely on synthetic fragrances or absorbent chemicals found in many disposables. They’re usually made of medical-grade silicone or premium textiles. Beyond their environmental and cost perks, they often provide superior comfort and reduce exposure to potentially harmful substances, with options like Saalt consciously avoiding PFAs and prioritizing safe manufacturing.

What are the findings of recent research on reusable period products?

Recent studies highlight the safety and efficacy of reusable period products, but also urge users to pay attention to cleaning and maintenance. Researchers have found that, with proper care, risks are minimal and these products are just as effective (if not more so) at preventing leaks and supporting active lifestyles. As always, choosing products from trusted, transparent brands that use safe materials—like Saalt’s PFAS-free leakproof underwear—can give you extra peace of mind.

Sources:

1. Harvard School of Public Health. (2024, November 22). Questions raised about PFAS in period products.  https://hsph.harvard.edu/news/questions-raised-about-pfas-in-period-products/

2. Medical News Today, Bailey, E. (2023, August 21). “Forever chemicals” found in certain period products, researchers say. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pfas-forever-chemicals-period-products#Which-period-products-contain-forever-chemicals

3. Science Direct, Rickard, B. P., Rizvi, I., & Fenton, S. E. (2022, January 15). Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and female reproductive outcomes: PFAS elimination, endocrine-mediated effects, and disease. Toxicology, 465, 153031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2021.153031